This second edition ofA Companion to Aesthetics examines questions that were among the earliest discussed by ancient philosophers, such as the nature of beauty and the relation between morality and art, while also addressing a host of new issues prompted by recent developments in the arts and in philosophy, including coverage of non-Western art traditions and of everyday and environmental aesthetics. The volume also canvases debates regarding the nature of representation, the relation between art and truth, and the criteria for interpretation, which are among the most hotly discussed topics in contemporary philosophy.

In this extensively revised and updated edition, 168 alphabetically arranged articles provide comprehensive treatment of the main topics and writers in aesthetics. Major additions include historical overviews from the prehistoric to the present and a section on the individual arts.A Companion to Aesthetics will serve students of philosophy, literary criticism, and cultural studies - as well as the educated general reader - both as a work of reference and, with its many substantial essays, as a guide to the best thinking about the arts from the ancient Greeks to the dawn of the twenty-first century.

Stephen Davies, University of Auckland, New Zealand, is the author ofDefinitions of Art (1991),Musical Meaning and Expression (1994),Musical Works and Performances (2001),Themes in the Philosophy of Music (2003),The Philosophy of Art (Blackwell, 2006), andPhilosophical Perspectives on Art (2007). He is the editor ofArt and Its Messages (1997), co-editor ofArt& Essence (2003), and co-editor for aesthetics and the philosophy of art for theStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. He is on the editorial boards ofJournal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Rivista di Estetica, Philosophy of Music Education Review, Res Musica, andPhilosophy Compass.

Kathleen Marie Higgins, University of Texas at Austin, is the author ofThe Music of Our Lives (1991), and of many books in other areas of philosophy. She is also editorof Aesthetics in Perspecptive (1996), and is on the editorial board ofJournal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. She brings to the project specialist knowledge of Continental philosophy, history of aesthetics, non-Western aesthetics, and feminism.

Robert Hopkins, University of Sheffield, UK, is the author ofPicture, Image and Experience (1998) and many articles on aesthetics and related topics in the philosophy of mind. His research was recognized by the award of a Philip Leverhulme Prize (2001). He is the first president of the European Society for Aesthetics. He brings to the project expert knowledge of painting, the plastic arts, the imagination, and aesthetic judgment.

Robert Stecker, Central Michigan University, is the author ofArtworks (1997),Interpretation and Construction (2003), andAesthetics and the Philosophy of Art(2005). He is co-editor for aesthetics and the philosophy of art for theStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and he has also co-edited editions of HumesTreatise and of LockesEssay. He brings to the project specialist knowledge of literature and interpretation.

David E. Cooper, University of Durham, UK, has authored, edited and co-edited many books, includingMetaphor (1986);Heidegger (1996);The Measure of Things (2002);World Philosophies: An Historical Introduction (1995; 2nd edn, 2003).;A Companion to Aesthetics (1st edn, 1992). He is currently co-editingPhilosophy: The Classic Readings (Blackwell).

Contributors xi

Preface xv

Historical Overviews 1

art of the Paleolithic Gregory Currie 1

aesthetics in antiquity Stephen Halliwell 10

medieval and renaissance aesthetics John Marenbon 22

eighteenth-century aesthetics Paul Guyer 32

nineteenth- and twentieth-century Continental aesthetics Robert Wicks 51

twentieth-century Anglo-American aesthetics Stephen Davies& Robert Stecker 61

The Arts 74

architecture Edward Winters 74

dance Julie Van Camp 76

drama James Hamilton 78

drawing, painting, and printmaking Patrick Maynard 82

literature David Davies 85

motion pictures Noël Carroll 88

music and song John Andrew Fisher and Stephen Davies 91

opera Paul Thom 95

photography Patrick Maynard 98

poetry Anna Christina Ribeiro 101

sculpture Erik Koed 104

A 107

abstraction Robert Hopkins 107

Adorno, Theodor W(iesengrund) Paul Mattick 109

aesthetic attitude David E. Cooper 111

aesthetic education Pradeep A. Dhillon 114

aesthetic judgment Andrew Ward 117

aesthetic pleasure Jerrold Levinson 121

aesthetic properties Alan H. Goldman 124

aestheticism David Whewell 128

aesthetics of food and drink Carolyn Korsmeyer 131

aesthetics of the environment Allen Carlson 134

aesthetics of the everyday Sherri Irvin 136

African aesthetics John Ayotunde (Tunde) Isola Bewaji 139

Amerindian aesthetics Anthony K. Webster 142

Aquinas, Thomas John Haldane 145

Aristotle Stephen Halliwell 147

art history David Carrier 149

artifact, art as George Dickie& Robert Stecker 152

artworld Anita Silvers 155

authenticity and art Theodore Gracyk 156

B 160

Barthes, Roland Mary Bittner Wiseman 160

Baumgarten, Alexander G(ottlieb) Nicholas Davey 162

Beardsley, Monroe C(urtis) Donald Callen 163

beauty Mary Mothersill 166

Bell, (Arthur) Clive (Heward) Ronald W. Hepburn 172

Benjamin, Walter Martin Donougho 174

Burke, Edmund Patrick Gardiner 177

C 179

canon Stein Haugom Olsen 179

catharsis Stephen Halliwell 182

Cavell, Stanley Timothy Gould 183

censorship Bernard Williams 185

Chinese aesthetics Marthe Chandler 188

cognitive science and art William P. Seeley 191

cognitive value of art Matthew Kieran 194

Collingwood, R(obin) G(eorge) Michael Krausz 197

comedy Noël Carroll 199

conceptual art Peter Goldie 202

conservation and restoration David Carrier 205

creativity Berys Gaut 207

critical monism and pluralism Robert Kraut 211

criticism Michael Weston 215

Croce, Benedetto Douglas R. Anderson 219

cultural appropriation James O. Young 222

D 226

Danto, Arthur C(oleman) David Novitz& Stephen Davies 226

deconstruction Stuart Sim 229

definition of art Kathleen Stock 231

Deleuze, Gilles Nicholas Davey 234

depiction Katerina Bantinaki 238

Derrida, Jacques Mary Bittner Wiseman 241

Dewey, John Thomas M. Alexander 244

Dickie, George Noël Carroll 247

Dufrenne, Mikel Wojciech Chojna& Irena Kocol 249

E 252

emotion Malcolm Budd 252

erotic art and obscenity Matthew Kieran 256

evolution, art, and aesthetics Stephen Davies 259

expression Derek Matravers 261

expression theory Derek Matravers 264

F 267

feminist aesthetics Peg Zeglin Brand 267

feminist criticism Renée Lorraine& Peg Zeglin Brand 269

feminist standpoint aesthetics A. W. Eaton 272

fiction, nature of Robert Stecker 275

fiction, the paradox of responding to Alex Neill 278

fiction, truth in Paisley Livingston 281

fictional entities Diane Proudfoot 284

forgery Robert Hopkins 287

formalism Nick Zangwill 290

Foucault, Michel Robert Wicks 293

function of art David Novitz 297

G 302

Gadamer, Hans-Georg Robert Bernasconi 302

gardens David E. Cooper 304

genre Andrew Harrison 306

Gombrich, Sir Ernst (Hans Josef) David E. Cooper 308

Goodman, Nelson Catherine Z. Elgin 311

H 314

Hanslick, Eduard Malcolm Budd 314

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Gary Shapiro 315

Heidegger, Martin Robert Bernasconi 321

hermeneutics Joseph Margolis 324

horror Amy Coplan 328

Hume, David Theodore Gracyk 331

humor John Lippitt 334

Hutcheson, Francis Peter Kivy 338

I 341

iconoclasm and idolatry David Freedberg 341

illusion Robert Hopkins 343

imagination Roger Scruton 346

imaginative resistance Tamar Szabó Gendler 351

implied author Peter Lamarque 354

Indian aesthetics Kalyan Sen Gupta 356

ineffability David E. Cooper 360

Ingarden, Roman Wojciech Chojna 364

intention and interpretation Colin Lyas& Robert Stecker 366

intentional fallacy Colin Lyas& Robert Stecker 369

interpretation Joseph Margolis 371

interpretation, aims of David Davies 375

irony David E. Cooper 378

Islamic aesthetics Oliver Leaman 381

J 384

Japanese aesthetics Yuriko Saito 384

K 388

Kant, Immanuel David Whewell 388

Kierkegaard, Søren Ann Loades 392

kitsch Kathleen Marie Higgins 393

Kristeva, Julia Laura Marcus 396

L 400

Langer, Susanne Thomas M. Alexander 400

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim Anthony Savile 402

Lewis, C(larence) I(rving) Paisley Livingston 405

Lukács, Georg Tom Rockmore 408

M 411

Margolis, Joseph Richard Shusterman 411

Marxism and art Tom Rockmore 412

mass art Noël Carroll 415

meaning constructivism Robert Stecker 418

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice John J. Compton 421

metaphor Samuel R. Levin 423

modernism and postmodernism Stuart Sim 425

morality and art Berys Gaut 428

museums Paul Mattick 431

N 435

narrative Stein Haugom Olsen 435

Nietzsche, Friedrich (Wilhelm) Julian Young 438

notations Stephen Davies 441

O 444

objectivity and realism in aesthetics Robert Hopkins 444

ontological contextualism Theodore Gracyk 449

ontology of artworks Nicholas Wolterstorff 453

originality George Bailey 457

P 460

performance Stephen Davies 460

performance art David Davies 462

perspective John Hyman 465

picture perception Katerina Bantinaki 469

Plato Stephen Halliwell 472

Plotinus John Haldane 474

popular art Richard Shusterman 476

pornography Bernard Williams 478

pragmatist aesthetics Richard Shusterman 480

psychoanalysis and art Kathleen Marie Higgins 484

R 489

race and aesthetics Monique Roelofs 489

rasa Kathleen Marie Higgins 492

realism John Hyman 495

relativism Nicholas Davey 498

religion and art Robert Grant 500

representation Robert Hopkins 504

Ruskin, John Michael Wheeler 508

S 511

Santayana, George Morris Grossman 511

Sartre, Jean-Paul John J. Compton 512

Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Andrew Bowie 514

Schiller, (Johann Christoph) Friedrich von Margaret Paton 517

Schlegel, August Wilhelm von Tom Rockmore 519

Schlegel, Friedrich von Tom Rockmore 520

Schopenhauer, Arthur Michael Tanner 522

science and art Anthony OHear 525

Scruton, Roger Anthony OHear 528

senses and art, the Robert Hopkins 530

sentimentality Deborah Knight 534

Shaftesbury, Lord Dabney Townsend 537

Sibley, Frank Noel Colin Lyas 538

structuralism and poststructuralism Stuart Sim 540

style Andrew Harrison 544

sublime Mary Mothersill 547

symbol Charles Molesworth 551

T 554

taste Robert Hopkins 554

technology and art John Andrew Fisher 556

testimony in aesthetics Robert Hopkins 560

text Richard Shusterman 562

theories of art Ronald W. Hepburn 565

Tolstoy, Leo David Whewell 570

tradition Anthony OHear 573

tragedy Susan L. Feagin 575

truth in art Eddy M. Zemach 578

U 581

universals in art Kathleen Marie Higgins 581

W 586

Wagner, Richard Michael Tanner 586

Walton, Kendall L(ewis) Alessandro Giovannelli 588

Wilde, Oscar David E. Cooper 591

Wittgenstein, Ludwig Malcolm Budd 593

Wollheim, Richard Malcolm Budd 596

Index 600